返回   华枫论坛 > ◆生活板块◆ > 汽车天下



发表新主题 回复
 
只看楼主 主题工具
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 18:35     #1
foreverwin
Senior Member
级别:10 | 在线时长:147小时 | 升级还需:18小时级别:10 | 在线时长:147小时 | 升级还需:18小时
 
注册日期: Jul 2005
帖子: 193
foreverwin is on a distinguished road
默认 自己刚换完刹车片,感觉很差

刹车警告灯亮了有一个多星期了,检查前刹车皮很薄了,刹车油到了MIN ,所以报警了。今天决定换刹车片,买了MONROE的CERAMIC 刹车片,c-clamp, lube(for slider pin), 还有那抹在刹车片背后的grease.

之前认真学习了车坛相关红头文件和HAYNES 手册,觉得问题不大。LOOSE 轮胎的NUT花了不少功夫,太紧了,最后去HOMEDEPOT买了个铁管,套在wrench 上才把NUT 搞松。

在松caliper 上下两个bolt 时也很紧,最要命不知道要往左还是右用力,费了少力才拧松,估计DIYer在 对付BOLT上都很累。吊起CALIPER,用C_CLAMP 把cylinder 顶回去。但在拿下旧刹车片的时候,那上下两个卡子拿不下来,直接拔出旧片(很容易),然后润滑pin, 在新刹车片背面涂抹grease, 再把新片卡进caliper, caliper 复位,装上轮胎,搞定。

试车前,猛踩刹车,感觉从开始时很松,几脚后就很紧了,几乎踩不动了。

问题来了,打着车后,刹车突然很软,踩到底很轻松,还有乎乎的声音,试车时感觉刹车很软,几乎要踩到底才能刹住,完全没有换刹车前的反应灵敏,但没漏刹车油,车也没跑偏,没有怪声,就是刹车软,感觉很差,是不是我哪里做错了?有点怕怕,天天跑高速,怕有问题啊,各位大侠帮我看看,是否要去车行重做一遍?在线等,不行明天就去车行了。
foreverwin 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 18:52   只看该作者   #2
pebloy
Senior Member
级别:25 | 在线时长:732小时 | 升级还需:48小时
 
pebloy 的头像
 
注册日期: Aug 2007
帖子: 1,548
积分:5
精华:3
声望: 22080615
pebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond repute
发送 MSN 消息给 pebloy
默认

引用:
作者: foreverwin 查看帖子
刹车警告灯亮了有一个多星期了,检查前刹车皮很薄了,刹车油到了MIN ,所以报警了。今天决定换刹车片,买了MONROE的CERAMIC 刹车片,c-clamp, lube(for slider pin), 还有那抹在刹车片背后的grease.

之前认真学习了车坛相关红头文件和HAYNES 手册,...
有没有动刹车液? 如果动了就会进空气到刹车管里, 需要bleeding

刹车油到了MIN, 也可能导致master cylinder里面进了空气。 换完没有top up 刹车液吗?
pebloy 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
感谢 pebloy
此篇文章之用户:
cdrj (Nov 22nd, 2008)
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 18:56   只看该作者   #3
cdrj
Senior Member
级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时
 
注册日期: Nov 2007
帖子: 169
声望: 482
cdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of light
默认

引用:
作者: pebloy 查看帖子
有没有动刹车液? 如果动了就会进空气到刹车管里, 需要bleeding
没动刹车液, 没有漏,应该不会进气。

车可以刹住, 但行程明显长了,不是过去很灵敏的感觉,所以感觉差。
cdrj 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 19:01   只看该作者   #4
chrysler
Senior Member
级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时
 
注册日期: Jul 2004
帖子: 437
声望: 729123
chrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond repute
默认

什么车型和年份?
chrysler 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 19:03   只看该作者   #5
cdrj
Senior Member
级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时
 
注册日期: Nov 2007
帖子: 169
声望: 482
cdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of light
默认

引用:
作者: chrysler 查看帖子
什么车型和年份?
95 nissan sentra
cdrj 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 19:04   只看该作者   #6
cardriver
Senior Member
级别:10 | 在线时长:142小时 | 升级还需:23小时级别:10 | 在线时长:142小时 | 升级还需:23小时
 
注册日期: Jul 2004
帖子: 165
声望: 44
cardriver is on a distinguished road
默认

引用:
作者: cdrj 查看帖子
没动刹车液, 没有漏,应该不会进气。

车可以刹住, 但行程明显长了,不是过去很灵敏的感觉,所以感觉差。
发动后,再猛踩几脚,看它硬不硬。也许,新片与刹车盘之间还需要短时间的磨合一下。
cardriver 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 19:05   只看该作者   #7
cdrj
Senior Member
级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时级别:9 | 在线时长:128小时 | 升级还需:12小时
 
注册日期: Nov 2007
帖子: 169
声望: 482
cdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of lightcdrj is a glorious beacon of light
默认

引用:
作者: pebloy 查看帖子
有没有动刹车液? 如果动了就会进空气到刹车管里, 需要bleeding

刹车油到了MIN, 也可能导致master cylinder里面进了空气。 换完没有top up 刹车液吗?
换完后,刹车液自己就冒上来了,警告灯也没了
cdrj 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 19:08   只看该作者   #8
sludgegine
枫语者
级别:41 | 在线时长:1885小时 | 升级还需:47小时级别:41 | 在线时长:1885小时 | 升级还需:47小时级别:41 | 在线时长:1885小时 | 升级还需:47小时级别:41 | 在线时长:1885小时 | 升级还需:47小时级别:41 | 在线时长:1885小时 | 升级还需:47小时
 
sludgegine 的头像
 
注册日期: Mar 2008
住址: 家
帖子: 6,963
积分:49
精华:12
声望: 25429135
sludgegine has a reputation beyond reputesludgegine has a reputation beyond reputesludgegine has a reputation beyond reputesludgegine has a reputation beyond reputesludgegine has a reputation beyond reputesludgegine has a reputation beyond reputesludgegine has a reputation beyond reputesludgegine has a reputation beyond reputesludgegine has a reputation beyond reputesludgegine has a reputation beyond reputesludgegine has a reputation beyond repute
默认

先安慰一下,DIY出问题是正常的,毕竟不是专业.从你上面描述的过程看,没什么问题.

你这个先将brake fluid满上再说.如果必要的话,bleeding一下应该没问题了.


DIY多费些事,多花些时间,以后熟悉了,就好了.

继续DIY,别泄气.

生活,就是与家人在一起,平静地过日子。以远离政治,节制欲望,度事宽容为生活法则。博弈是资本游戏的灵魂!博弈状态的把握结合技术分析可无往不胜。
sludgegine 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 19:10   只看该作者   #9
林子
修理工
级别:24 | 在线时长:701小时 | 升级还需:24小时级别:24 | 在线时长:701小时 | 升级还需:24小时级别:24 | 在线时长:701小时 | 升级还需:24小时级别:24 | 在线时长:701小时 | 升级还需:24小时级别:24 | 在线时长:701小时 | 升级还需:24小时级别:24 | 在线时长:701小时 | 升级还需:24小时级别:24 | 在线时长:701小时 | 升级还需:24小时级别:24 | 在线时长:701小时 | 升级还需:24小时
 
林子 的头像
 
注册日期: Jul 2004
住址: Whitby
帖子: 2,608
积分:2
精华:2
声望: 930817
林子 has a reputation beyond repute林子 has a reputation beyond repute林子 has a reputation beyond repute林子 has a reputation beyond repute林子 has a reputation beyond repute林子 has a reputation beyond repute林子 has a reputation beyond repute林子 has a reputation beyond repute林子 has a reputation beyond repute林子 has a reputation beyond repute林子 has a reputation beyond repute
发送 Skype™ 消息给 林子
默认

rotor没有换?如果安装没有恶性错误,多开几天可能会慢慢好起来。换刹车没有想象的那么简单,还有许多门道,你知道了会觉得也没什么,但是不知道的时候最好交给行家做,或者叫个行家帮忙看看。

认真做事,老实做人。
Moving on...........
林子 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 19:14   只看该作者   #10
foreverwin
Senior Member
级别:10 | 在线时长:147小时 | 升级还需:18小时级别:10 | 在线时长:147小时 | 升级还需:18小时
 
注册日期: Jul 2005
帖子: 193
声望: 10
foreverwin is on a distinguished road
默认

引用:
作者: 林子 查看帖子
rotor没有换?如果安装没有恶性错误,多开几天可能会慢慢好起来。换刹车没有想象的那么简单,还有许多门道,你知道了会觉得也没什么,但是不知道的时候最好交给行家做,或者叫个行家帮忙看看。
是旧ROTOR, 没有换新的,是ROTOR同PAD配合问题?旧PAD 也是CERAMIC的,至少有5年没换了。
foreverwin 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 19:17   只看该作者   #11
foreverwin
Senior Member
级别:10 | 在线时长:147小时 | 升级还需:18小时级别:10 | 在线时长:147小时 | 升级还需:18小时
 
注册日期: Jul 2005
帖子: 193
声望: 10
foreverwin is on a distinguished road
默认

引用:
作者: cardriver 查看帖子
发动后,再猛踩几脚,看它硬不硬。也许,新片与刹车盘之间还需要短时间的磨合一下。
没发动时很硬, 发动后就软,怎么踩也是软,以前不是这样的。。。
foreverwin 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 19:24   只看该作者   #12
cardriver
Senior Member
级别:10 | 在线时长:142小时 | 升级还需:23小时级别:10 | 在线时长:142小时 | 升级还需:23小时
 
注册日期: Jul 2004
帖子: 165
声望: 44
cardriver is on a distinguished road
默认

引用:
作者: foreverwin 查看帖子
没发动时很硬, 发动后就软,怎么踩也是软,以前不是这样的。。。

加好刹车液,找个人配合一下,给闸放气。如果有改善,就磨合几天再看看。
cardriver 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 19:56   只看该作者   #13
谈论风华
外星人
级别:21 | 在线时长:561小时 | 升级还需:11小时级别:21 | 在线时长:561小时 | 升级还需:11小时级别:21 | 在线时长:561小时 | 升级还需:11小时级别:21 | 在线时长:561小时 | 升级还需:11小时级别:21 | 在线时长:561小时 | 升级还需:11小时
 
谈论风华 的头像
 
注册日期: Jul 2004
帖子: 1,964
积分:4
精华:2
声望: 40823
谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute谈论风华 has a reputation beyond repute
默认

不要慌,不要轻易放弃。离成功只有一步,别放弃。
我没做过,不过记得应该打开盖子,吸出一些刹车液,以免用c-clamp时溢出,之后要补足。你的已经到最低了,为什么"换完后,刹车液自己就冒上来了"?
刹车软,是加在刹车片上的力量不够。你刹几次车后刹车片热不热?

谈论风华 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 20:04   只看该作者   #14
pebloy
Senior Member
级别:25 | 在线时长:732小时 | 升级还需:48小时
 
pebloy 的头像
 
注册日期: Aug 2007
帖子: 1,548
积分:5
精华:3
声望: 22080615
pebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond reputepebloy has a reputation beyond repute
发送 MSN 消息给 pebloy
默认

引用:
作者: cdrj 查看帖子
没动刹车液, 没有漏,应该不会进气。

车可以刹住, 但行程明显长了,不是过去很灵敏的感觉,所以感觉差。
FYI

引用:
A low brake pedal that has to be pumped repeatedly to bring a vehicle to a stop may be due to a low fluid level, drum brakes that need adjustment or air in the lines. It usually has nothing to do with the condition of the brakes and certainly isn’t grounds for a brake job.

If the pedal feels "soft" or "spongy" instead of firm, there’s probably air in the system. This will require "bleeding the brakes" to remove air from the lines, calipers and wheel cylinders.

The first thing that should be checked is the fluid level in the master cylinder reservoir. If the level is low, there’s a leak somewhere in the hydraulic system that must be found and repaired. Adding fluid will only cure the symptom, not the cause, and sooner or later the level will be low again creating a dangerous situation. So check for leaks around the master cylinder, wheel cylinders, brake calipers, rubber brake hoses and steel brake lines.

If the fluid level is okay, the adjustment of the rear brakes should be checked next (assuming the vehicle has drum brakes in the rear -- if it has drums all the way around, check the front drums first, then the rear). The shoes should be close enough to the drums to produce just a hint of drag when the wheels are rotated by hand. An excess of slack probably means the self-adjusters are either frozen or fully extended.

If adjusting the drum brakes fails to eliminate the low pedal, the wheel and drum will have to be removed so the adjusters can be freed up or replaced, and/or so the worn brake shoes can be replaced.

If the vehicle has rear disc brakes, the adjusting mechanism in the rear caliper pistons that maintain the correct pad-to-rotor clearance may be corroded, frozen or worn out. In most cases, the piston assemblies cannot be rebuilt and must be replaced.

If the fluid reservoir is full and the brakes are properly adjusted, but the pedal is low (or feels spongy), there is probably air in the brake lines. Air is compressible, so every time you step on the pedal, the bubbles collapse instead of transferring pressure to the brakes. The cure here is to bleed the brake lines following the factory recommended sequence.

Brakes are usually bled in a specified sequence (always refer to a shop manual for the exact procedure for your vehicle). Usually the rear brakes are bled first, then the ones up front on most rear-wheel drive cars and trucks. But on front-wheel drive cars and minivans, the hydraulic system is split diagonally so the brakes are bled in opposite pairs (right rear and left front, then left rear and right front). Following the proper sequence is important so air doesn’t remain trapped in the lines.

On late model GM and Ford cars with quick take-up master cylinders, the quick take-up valve takes about 15 seconds to reseat after the brake pedal has been depressed. If the pedal is pumped too quickly while manually bleeding the system, you may never get the pedal to firm up. Most professionals use pressure bleeding equipment to bleed the brakes because it is faster and easier.


pebloy 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
共 2 位会员
感谢 pebloy 发表的文章:
foreverwin (Nov 22nd, 2008), sludgegine (Nov 22nd, 2008)
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 20:16   只看该作者   #15
chrysler
Senior Member
级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时级别:19 | 在线时长:440小时 | 升级还需:40小时
 
注册日期: Jul 2004
帖子: 437
声望: 729123
chrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond reputechrysler has a reputation beyond repute
默认

我第一次换刹车片的时候也出现过类似的问题,我就把车架好,拿掉一个轮子。让老婆在车里帮助踩刹车。然后我在外面看。很容易就找到毛病了。还是楼上的大侠说的对,别放弃,你离成功已经非常近了。
提个建议,下次如果没有把握,照几张照片。
chrysler 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 20:19   只看该作者   #16
foreverwin
Senior Member
级别:10 | 在线时长:147小时 | 升级还需:18小时级别:10 | 在线时长:147小时 | 升级还需:18小时
 
注册日期: Jul 2005
帖子: 193
声望: 10
foreverwin is on a distinguished road
Thumbs up

引用:
作者: pebloy 查看帖子
FYI
so gratefull, buddy!
foreverwin 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 20:31   只看该作者   #17
foreverwin
Senior Member
级别:10 | 在线时长:147小时 | 升级还需:18小时级别:10 | 在线时长:147小时 | 升级还需:18小时
 
注册日期: Jul 2005
帖子: 193
声望: 10
foreverwin is on a distinguished road
默认

引用:
作者: 谈论风华 查看帖子
不要慌,不要轻易放弃。离成功只有一步,别放弃。
我没做过,不过记得应该打开盖子,吸出一些刹车液,以免用c-clamp时溢出,之后要补足。你的已经到最低了,为什么"换完后,刹车液自己就冒上来了"?
刹车软,是加在刹车片上的力量不够。你刹几次车后刹车片热不热?
顶回CIYLINDER 油就自动跑上来了,我的刚好到reservior 的顶部,没有overflow.
foreverwin 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 20:37   只看该作者   #18
ldwlx
Senior Member
级别:51 | 在线时长:2889小时 | 升级还需:23小时级别:51 | 在线时长:2889小时 | 升级还需:23小时级别:51 | 在线时长:2889小时 | 升级还需:23小时
 
注册日期: Nov 2005
帖子: 11,269
积分:19
精华:6
声望: 170114577
ldwlx has a reputation beyond reputeldwlx has a reputation beyond reputeldwlx has a reputation beyond reputeldwlx has a reputation beyond reputeldwlx has a reputation beyond reputeldwlx has a reputation beyond reputeldwlx has a reputation beyond reputeldwlx has a reputation beyond reputeldwlx has a reputation beyond reputeldwlx has a reputation beyond reputeldwlx has a reputation beyond repute
默认

引用:
作者: chrysler 查看帖子
我第一次换刹车片的时候也出现过类似的问题,我就把车架好,拿掉一个轮子。让老婆在车里帮助踩刹车。然后我在外面看。很容易就找到毛病了。还是楼上的大侠说的对,别放弃,你离成功已经非常近了。
提个建议,下次如果没有把握,照几张照片。
什么毛病?

华枫更夫!
ldwlx 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 20:39   只看该作者   #19
hardywang
在青麦地上跑着 / 雪和太阳的光芒
级别:97 | 在线时长:9894小时 | 升级还需:102小时级别:97 | 在线时长:9894小时 | 升级还需:102小时级别:97 | 在线时长:9894小时 | 升级还需:102小时级别:97 | 在线时长:9894小时 | 升级还需:102小时级别:97 | 在线时长:9894小时 | 升级还需:102小时级别:97 | 在线时长:9894小时 | 升级还需:102小时级别:97 | 在线时长:9894小时 | 升级还需:102小时级别:97 | 在线时长:9894小时 | 升级还需:102小时级别:97 | 在线时长:9894小时 | 升级还需:102小时
 
hardywang 的头像
 
注册日期: Jul 2004
住址: Kilimanjaro
帖子: 9,428
积分:24
精华:16
声望: 7498223
hardywang has a reputation beyond reputehardywang has a reputation beyond reputehardywang has a reputation beyond reputehardywang has a reputation beyond reputehardywang has a reputation beyond reputehardywang has a reputation beyond reputehardywang has a reputation beyond reputehardywang has a reputation beyond reputehardywang has a reputation beyond reputehardywang has a reputation beyond reputehardywang has a reputation beyond repute
发送 ICQ 消息给 hardywang
默认

陶瓷刹车片会比普通刹车片偏软,外加另外需要磨合一小段时间。
帅哥 hardywang 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
感谢 hardywang
此篇文章之用户:
ken (Nov 22nd, 2008)
旧 Nov 22nd, 2008, 20:44   只看该作者   #20
zwinfo
Senior Member
级别:2 | 在线时长:20小时 | 升级还需:1小时级别:2 | 在线时长:20小时 | 升级还需:1小时
 
注册日期: Jul 2004
帖子: 213
声望: 29029
zwinfo has a reputation beyond reputezwinfo has a reputation beyond reputezwinfo has a reputation beyond reputezwinfo has a reputation beyond reputezwinfo has a reputation beyond reputezwinfo has a reputation beyond reputezwinfo has a reputation beyond reputezwinfo has a reputation beyond reputezwinfo has a reputation beyond reputezwinfo has a reputation beyond reputezwinfo has a reputation beyond repute
Cool 建议去中国人车行修理,在旁边偷师,你所有的问题都会当场解决的

拿别人的车第一次练手还可以理解! 为省百十来块,拿自己的和家人的生命冒险,不值!

建议去中国人车行修理,在旁边偷师,你所有的问题都会当场解决的!
zwinfo 当前离线  
回复时引用此帖
发表新主题 回复


发帖规则
不可以发表新主题
不可以发表回复
不可以上传附件
不可以编辑自己的帖子

启用 BB 代码
论坛启用 表情符号
论坛启用 [IMG] 代码
论坛禁用 HTML 代码



所有时间均为格林尼治时间 -4。现在的时间是 17:11

请尊重文章原创者,转帖请注明来源及原作者。
凡是本站用户自行发布的任何信息,皆不代表本站的立场,
华枫网站不确保各类信息的正确性和可靠性,也不承担由此而导致的任何直接或间接损失以及任何法律责任。

Copyright © 1999-2024 Chinasmile